Highlights of Annual Monetary Policy, 2012/13

Amidst the rising inflation worries, the much awaited key policy rate cut in the annual monetary policy has been announced. After a gap of three years, Reserve Bank Governor D Subbarao on April 17 slashed short term lending rate, a move that will reduce the cost of home, auto and corporate loans.
.The followings are the highlights of the Annual Monetary Policy for 2012-13 announced by Reserve Bank of India (RBI) Governor D Subbarao on Tuesday:

MAIN HIGHLIGHTS
* Repo rate cut 50 bps to 8.00 percent with immediate effect
* Reverse repo rate adjusts 50 bps lower to 7.00 percent
* Marginal standing facility rate adjusts 50 bps lower to 9.00 percent
* Cash Reserve Ratio unchanged at 4.75 percent
* Bank Rate adjusts to 9 percent with immediate effect
* MSF borrowing cap raised to 2 percent vs 1 percent of banks’ NDTL
* Banks can access MSF even if they hold excess SLR
* FY13 GDP growth projected at 7.3 percent
* March 2013 inflation projected at 6.5 percent

STANCE* Stance guided by slowdown in growth, fall in inflation
* Growth expected to have recovered slightly in Jan-Mar
* Economy clearly operating below post-crisis growth trend
* Headline, core inflation moderated significantly by March
* In Dec-Jan, inflation fell due to decline in food prices
* In Feb-Mar, fall in inflation rate was driven by core components
* Easing core components of inflation reflect demand slowdown
* Stance aimed at adjusting policy rates with growth moderation
* Stance to resist risk of inflation pressures re-emerging
* Stance aimed to give more liquidity cushion to financial system
* Limited space for further reduction in policy rates
* See policy steps stabilising growth near post-crisis trend
* Expect policy steps to contain risk of inflation
* See policy steps to contain resurge of inflation expectations
* See policy steps boosting liquidity cushion available to system
* To announce mid-quarter review of policy on Jun 18
* To announce first quarter review of FY13 policy on Jul 31

INFLATION* Upside risks to inflation persist
* Not much room for policy easing without adding inflation risk
* March inflation at 6.9 percent close to 7.0 percent projection
* Inflation scenario stays challenging going forward
* Food inflation has risen after a seasonal decline
* Inflation in protein-based items remains in double digits
* Crude oil prices expected to remain high
* Pass-through of global oil prices incomplete
* Element of suppressed inflation in coal, electricity
* Core inflation seen contained on effect of past rate hikes
* Companies’ performance shows pricing power has reduced
* Limited risk of administered prices translating to inflation
* Will condition perception of inflation in 4.0-4.5 percent
* Pricing power in the economy currently abating
* Need to up fuel prices to reflect cost of production
* For macroeconomic stability, need to link fuel prices to costs
* Food inflation likely to remain under pressure
* Headline inflation has moderated significantly below 7 percent
* Consumer price inflation shows price pressure still high
* Core inflation below 5 percent for first time in 5 years
GROWTH* Cut repo rate as growth below post-crisis trend rate
* Cut rate as growth decelerated significantly in Oct-Dec
* Slowing growth contributed to fall in core inflation
* Deviation of growth from trend is modest
* FY12 GDP growth of 6.9 percent close to RBI’s projection of 7.0 percent
* Assuming normal monsoon, FY13 farm growth seen near trend
* Industry expected to perform better in FY13 vs FY12
* Leading indicators suggest turnaround in IIP growth
* Trend rate of growth has declined from pre-crisis peak
* Economy may revert to post-crisis trend growth in FY13
* Supply bottlenecks main reason for trend growth decline
* Strategy to focus on supply constraints is imperative
* Crude oil price major risk to FY13 growth projection
* Fiscal situation risk to FY13 growth projection
* Current account deficit very high, unsustainable
* Financing current account deficit will pose major challenge
* Large government borrowing can crowd out credit to private sector
LIQUIDITY* Liquidity conditions moving towards RBI comfort one
* MSF limit hike to provide more liquidity comfort
* Will take proactive steps on liquidity, if required
BANKS* Banks’ penetration in rural areas has increased manifold
* To mandate SLBCs to chart roadmap to cover un-banked areas
* Need brick-mortar bank back up for financial inclusion initiatives
* Studying feedback on Nair report on priority sector loans
* Sets up panel to review short-term co-op credit structure
* To issue norms on new urban co-op bank licences end-Jun
* IBA group studying pending Damodaran panel recommendations
* Banks cannot levy prepayment fee on floating rate home loans* Banks must have board-approved policy on deposit pricing
* Wide variations in retail-bulk deposit rates* Variation in bulk-retail deposit rates must be minimal
* High bulk deposit rates unfair to retail depositors
* Banks must start providing unique customer identification code
* Banks must offer basic savings accounts under financial inclusion
* Final Basel-III capital norms implementation by end-April
* To issue final Basel-III risk management norms by end-May
* Cut banks’ exposure cap to gold loan NBFCs to 7.5 percent vs 10 percent
* Banks must have internal aim for loans to gold loan NBFCs
* Sets up working group to study NBFCs lending against gold
* Working group on gold loan NBFCs to submit report July
* To issue norms on early non performing assets identification soon
* Banks must have board level policy on unclaimed deposits
* Draft norms on NBFC regulatory framework by end-June
* Panel on bank supervision to submit report end-July
* Final norms on securitisation by end-April
* Witnessed significant increase in gold loans by NBFCs
* To issue draft norms on overseas investment by core investment companies April
* Working group to study more long-term loan rate products by banks
* Banks loan recast working panel to submit report end-July
* Report of working group on credit pricing by end-July
* Panel to study feasibility of long-term fixed rate loan products

Highlights of Railway Budget 2012-13

Union Railway Minister Dinesh Trivedi presented the Railway Budget in Parliament on March 14 2012.

The highlights of Railway Budget 2012

1. Passenger fares increased marginally. The increase will be by 2 paise per km for suburban and ordinary second class; 3 paise per km for mail/express second class; 5 paise per km for sleeper class; 10 paise per km for AC Chair Car, AC 3 tier and First Class; 15 paise per km for AC 2 tier and 30 paise per km for AC I.
2.   Minimum fare and platform tickets to cost Rs 5.
3.  50 per cent concession in fare in AC-2, AC-3, Chair Car and Sleeper classes to patients suffering from ‘Aplastic Anaemia’ and ‘Sickle Cell Anaemia’.
4.  Extending the facility of travel by Rajdhani and Shatabdi trains to Arjuna Awardees.
5.  Travel distance under ‘Izzat Scheme’ to increase from 100 kms to 150 kms.
6.  SMS on passenger mobile phone in case of e-ticket to be accepted as proof of valid reservation.
7.  Introduction of satellite based real time train information system (SIMRAN) to provide train running information to passengers through SMS, internet, etc.
8.  On board passenger displays indicating next halt station and expected arrival time to be introduced.
9.  Installation of 321 escalators at important stations of which 50 will be commissioned in 2012-13.
10.  Introduction of regional cuisine at affordable rates; launching of Book-a-meal scheme to provide multiple choice of meals through SMS or email.
11.  Introduction of coin/currency operated ticket vending machines.
12.  Upgradation of 929 stations as Adarsh Stations including 84 stations proposed in 2012-13; 490 stations have been completed so far.
13.  Specially designed coaches for differently-abled persons to be provided in each Mail/Express trains.
14.  Introduction of Rail Bandhu on-board magazines on Rajdhanis, Shatabdis and Duronto trains.
15.  Setting up of AC Executive lounges at important stations
16.  75 new Express trains to be introduced.
17.  21 new passenger services, 9 DEMU services and 8 MEMU services to be introduced.
18.  Run of 39 trains to be extended.
19.  Frequency of 23 trains to be increased.
20.  75 additional services to run in Mumbai suburban; 44 new suburban services to be introduced in Kolkata area, 50 new services to be introduced in Kolkata Metro; 18 additional services in Chennai area.
21.  725 km new lines, 700 km doubling, 800 km gauge conversion and 1,100 km electrification targeted in 2012-13.
22.  Rs 6,872 cr provided for new lines, Rs 3,393 cr for doubling, Rs 1,950 cr for gauge conversation, Rs 828 cr for electrification
23.  Highest ever plan outlay of Rs 60,100 cr
24.  Rae Bareli coach factory manufactured 10 coaches in 2011-12; phase-II of the factory would be commissioned in 2012-13.
25.  A wagon factory to be set up at Sitapali (Ganjam District of Odisha)
26.  A rail coach factory with the support of Government of Kerala to be set up at Palakkad; two additional new manufacturing units for coaches to be established in the Kutch area in Gujarat and at Kolar in Karnataka with active participation of the State Governments.
27.  Setting up of a factory at Shyamnagar in West Bengal to manufacture next generation technology propulsion system for use in high power electric locomotives.
28.  Creating Missions as recommended by Pitroda Committee to implement the modernization programme.
29.  Setting up of Railway Tariff Regulatory Authority to be considered.
30.  New Board Members for Safety/Research and PPP/Marketing to be inducted.
31.  Rail-Road Grade Separation Corporation to be set up to eliminate level crossings.
32.  Indian Railway Station Development Corporation to be set up to redevelop stations through PPP mode.
33.  Logistics Corporation to be set up for development and management of existing railway goods sheds and multi-modal logistics parks.
34.  National High Speed Rail Authority to be set-up.
35.  Pre-feasibility studies on six high speed corridors already completed; study on Delhi-Jaipur-Ajmer-Jodhpur to be taken up in 2012-13.
36.  Introduction of a ‘Green Train’ to run through the pristine forests of North Bengal.
37.  Setting up of 200 remote railway stations as ‘green energy stations’ powered entirely by solar energy.
38.  Providing solar lighting system at 1,000 manned level crossing gates.
39.  2,500 coaches to be equipped with bio toilets.
40.  Setting up of 72 MW capacity windmill plants in Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu and West Bengal.
41.  Installation of Integrated Security System at all 202 identified stations to be completed in 2012-13.
42.  Escorting of trains by RPF/GRP extended to 3,500 trains.
43.  Integration of RPF helpline with the All India Passenger Helpline.
44.  Setting up of a Railway Safety Authority as a statutory regulatory body as recommended by Kakodkar Committee
45.  Three ‘Safety Villages’ to be set up at Bengaluru, Kharagpur and Lucknow for skill development for disaster management.
46.  Over one lakh persons to be recruited in 2012-13 ��” backlog of SC/ST/OBC and other categories to be wiped off.
47.  Introduction of a wellness programme for railway staff at their work places.
48.  Ensuring proper rest for skilled and technical staff including the running crew.
49.  Institution of ‘Rail Khel Ratna’ Award for 10 rail sports-persons every year.
50.  New coaching terminal at Naihati, the birth place of Rishi Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay commemorating him on 175th Birth Anniversary.
51.  Project to connect Agartala with Akhaura in Bangladesh to be taken up in 2012-13.
52.  Freight loading of 1,025 MT targeted; 55 MT more than 2011-12
53.  Passenger growth targeted at 5.4 per cent.

Highlights of Annual Financial Statement 2012-13, delivered by union finance minister of India.

Following are some of the key highlights of the Union Budget 2012-13, presented by Finance Minister Pranab Mukherjee in the Parliament on March 16 2012.
Tax burden for individuals to come down: Income tax exemption limit raised from Rs 1,80,000 to Rs 2,00,000; 10 per cent tax for 2-5 lakh income; 20 per cent for 5-10 lakh and 30 per cent beyond Rs 10 lakh; Savings bank account interest up to Rs 10,000 exempted from tax.
Many services and goods to cost more: No change in corporate tax rate, but standard rate of excise duty, as also service tax rates, raised from 10 per cent to 12 per #162 No change in peak customs duty of 10 per cent on non-agri goods.
Large cars, imported bicycles, cigarettes, bidis and some imported jewellery to cost more; branded silver jewellery may get cheaper.
Boost for capital markets: Securities Transaction Tax on cash delivery reduced by 25 per cent to 0.1 per #162 A new Rajiv Gandhi Equity Saving Scheme to allow income tax deduction to retail investors in stocks.
Economy expected to gain ground: GDP growth rate pegged at 7.6 per cent in 2012-13; Subsidy Expenditure to be checked and higher tax revenues targetted; Rs 30,000 crore to be raised from disinvestment.
Capital boost to financial and infrastructure sectors: Rs 15,888 crore to be provided for capitalisation of public sector banks and financial institutions; Infrastructure investment of Rs 50 lakh crore in 12th period, with half from private sect#8744 Tax free bonds of Rs 60,000 crore to be allowed for financial infrastructure projects.
Fight against black money: White paper on black money in current session of Parliament; Introduction of compulsory reporting requirement for assets held abroad; tax collection at source on high-value cash purchase of bullion, jewellery, immovable property and trading in coal, lignite and iron ore.
Greater scrutiny of closely-held companies for funds; Taxation of unexplained money, credits, investments, expenses at highest rate of 30 per cent irrespective of income slab.
Tax reforms: Direct Taxes Code (DTC) at earliest; GST network to be operational by August 2012; Central Excise and Service Tax being harmonized. A General Anti-Avoidance Rule (GAAR) to be introduced to counter aggressive tax avoidance.
Attracting foreign funds: Efforts on to allow FDI in multi-brand retail and permitting foreign airlines invest in domestic players; External borrowings to the extent of USD one billion for aviation companies; Qualified Foreign Investors to get access to corporate bond market.
Tax relief for stressed sectors: Sectors like agriculture, infrastructure, mining, railways, roads, civil aviation, manufacturing, health and nutrition, and environment to get duty relief; Turnover limit for compulsory tax audit for SMEs raised from Rs 60 lakh to Rs 1 crore.
Farming for growth: Target for agricultural credit raised to Rs 5,75,000 crore; Interest subvention for short-term crop loans to farmers at 7 per cent interest continues; additional 3 per cent for prompt paying farmers.
Financial Highlights of Budget 2012-12:

• Direct proposals to give in net revenue loss of Rs 4,500 crore and net gain of Rs 45,940 crore from indirect taxes, resulting into a net gain of Rs 41,440 crore.
• Fiscal deficit targetted at 5.1 per cent of GDP in 2012-13, down from 5.9 per cent in 2011-12; Central Government debt at 45.5 per cent of GDP.
• Total expenditure budgeted at Rs 14,90,925 crore; plan expenditure at Rs 5,21,025 crore, 18 per cent higher than 2011-12 budget; non-plan expenditure at Rs 9,69,900 crore.
• Gross Tax Receipts estimated at Rs 10, 77,612 crore, 15.6 per cent higher than original budget estimates and 19.5 per cent over the revised estimates for 2011-12.
• Net tax to the Centre in 2012-13 estimated at Rs 7,71,071 crore; Non-Tax Revenue Receipts estimated at Rs 1,64,614 crore and Non-debt Capital Receipts at Rs 41,650 crore.
• Total expenditure for 2012-13 budgeted at Rs 14,90,925 crore, including Rs 5,21,025 crore of Plan Expenditure and Rs 9,69,900 crore as Non-Plan Expenditure.
• Defence services get Rs 1,93,407 crore; any further requirement to be met.

CAPITAL PUNISHMENT IN INDIA - REFORMATION OR RETRIBUTION

CAPITAL PUNISHMENT IN INDIA - REFORMATION OR RETRIBUTION

31/08/2011.

Capital punishment, in other words called as execution, or a
death penalty, has drawn the attention of each and every individual in
the world’s largest democracy for the last few weeks. The ultimate
reason is that the rejection of mercy pleas by the president of India,
confirming the execution of the 3 convicts of the former prime
minister Rajiv Gandhi’s assassination, in the year 1991. After the
bomb blast, the judicial process has took 8 years, including the
Supreme Court’s conformation of death sentence of the 3, pronounced
by the Lower Court. Later, the mercy petition has been filed to the
governor of Tamilnadu, but it has been disposed with in 10 days on
October, 1999. the 3 convicts have filed their second mercy pleas to
the governor, it has also achieved the same result in the month of
April 25th 2000.
    A day later, they filed their clemency to the president of India
and has got the similar result, but it took 11 years and 4 long months
to come to the conclusion by conforming the death penalty for those 3
convicts. Various communities have stressed various questions and
solutions related to this issue, but there is an inevitable question
that is “what happened for the past 11 years?” is still a hidden one.
This led to the misleading environment among the society, specifically
among the people of Tamilnadu, who are now crawling towards justice.
    Due to the unexpected government order, the term capital
punishment has stolen the spotlight at present, and led to the public
debate with regard to the pros and cons of death sentence. Discussing
this issue require concrete ideas to have an eye on the most
deterrent punishments in the constitution. On one hand, thoughts and
views describes the importants of death sentences, which specifically
stresses that “human society with out deterrent solutions might
provide a significant path to those who commit callous crimes, and
helps in assisting them to do the same in their future in the form of
reformation.” On the other hand, the human rights activists, legal
philosophers, penologists and social activists believe that death
sentence cannot be an effective alternative for a murder.
    Now the 3 convicts have no other options, but to knock the doors
of justice through a petition. They filed a petition seeking that
their death sentence should be commuted because of 11 years of delay.
The petition has been filed in Madras High Court, and on 30/08/2011,
the petitions were taken to hearing in front of a newly constituted
bench of justice.
    Reiterating the facts during the hearing in the Madras High
Court, one of the eminent Jurists in India, Mr. Ram Jethmalani
portrayed that “the 3 convicts are already under severe mental torture
by facing the minutes of suffering on their death row for 136 months,
therefore, opting death penalty after making them to wait for 11 years
and 4 months long, is unconstitutional and it is against Article 21 of
the constitution, which deals with protection of life and personal
liberty.”
    Quoting the high court and supreme court judgments, Jethmalani
addressed that the delay was a ground for the commutation of sentence,
he said “unless the delay is properly explained or justified, it makes
the deth penalty immoral, illegal and, according to me,
unconstitutional.” If we look in to the address of Mr. Jeth Malani, we
can notice that even a death penalty must be done with in a
time span of 2 years. Unless there is a
completion of the death penalty with in 2 years, the death sentence
can be commuted to life imprisonment.
    The statistics provided by Legal Service India states that, in
the year 2006, during the tenure of Dr. A.P.J Abdulkalam’s presidency,
there were 20 mercy pleas which includes this 3 convicts. The final
mercy plea on that period was the clemency of terrorist Mohammed Afzal
Guru, indulged in 2001 parliament attack. The official sources
calculated that at present there are 29 mercy pleas waiting for the
president’s nod. In that, some of the pleas were filed before 1992 and
most of the petitions are expected to be commuted to life imprisonment
due to the delay in justification. Jurists and social activists says
that, now a days, capital punishment is getting increasingly averse
effect among the judges, as a matter of fact, they believe that the
Indian penal code (IPC) 302 is against the ethos of democracy and the
people. the present scenario paves  path to the questions such as,
Whether death penalty be abolished?
Whether the Rajiv Gandhi’s assassination case satisfies all the
relevant legal tests incorporated under law and laid down in various
judicial decisions?
Whether the provisions of section 302 I.P.C. are against the ethos of
article 19 and 14?
All these questions rise to debate over this issue. No doubt, this is
not an issue which can be solved by a separate bill or by means of any
one of the committees or by independent bodies, but it is
indispensible that this has to be understood and responded for the
betterment of the community and the country.
    From the time immemorial this problem stayed as for a long period
with unsolved queries. Legal philosophers, jurists, judges and social
scientists should not stand divide, as that of the case of Afzal Guru,
which polarized the nation in to kasmiries on oneside and the others
on the otherside. Several steps have been taken to curve the level of
capital punishment by considering the quantitative data must be a part
of a process because, the consideration must also be given to the
qualitative and retributive characteristics of the death penalty.
    As all of us have known that the Indian legislation and the
constitution possesses the characteristics of reformative and
retributive theories, we must analyse that the pros and cons contained
by this social issue. In the form of reformative, we can say that the
murderer is also like a patient who has to have a special treatments
and he or she should be discharged from the treatment as soon as they
started accepting the treatment. But the other facts says that, the
deterrent punishments should not be taken out of the legal frame, it
might allow the recidivists who commit crimes, for that, they got
themselves behind the bars, got out of the cage due to the completion
of the sentenced period, then start doing what they did in the past
then again got them selves from where they have been rehabilitated, is
a disgusting factor for indignation society which would like to be
satisfied by killing the criminals.
    Rousseau felt that the capital punishment should be imposed on
the situation where nothing stands in favour of reformative theory. He
believes capital punishment Is proper, if the criminal is beyond
redemption. Various countries have capital punishment as their
integral part of criminal justice, but the execution of that
punishment varies because of geographical, cultural and their judicial
framework.
    Countries like United Kingdom, France, Japan, Russia, Poland,
Australia, Rumania, and so on, have abolished capital punishment from
their judicial practices by stating that, every individual has an
equal opportunity to under go reformative actions, and strongly
stressing that execution is not the only solution for a murder. On the
other hand, some countries including those who strongly believe in
democracy such as, the United states, India, the others like china,
ETC. are against the abolition. They believe that, death penalty
should be a part of constitution in order to safe guard the vulnerable
communities from horrendous attacks by the  incorrigible and harden
criminals.
    Previous efforts to curb capital punishment in India: in India,
several efforts have been made to abolish the death penalty, but
according to the report submitted by the law commission says that,
capital punishment should be a part of the judiciary. Legislation
attempted to abolish death penalty during the pre-independence, the
private bill which was introduced in the year 1931 has been rejected
by the then governor general. After Independence, similar bill was
introduced, but the first lok sabha rejected the motion. Later, due to
the efforts made by the social scientists, human rights believers and
abolitionists, the similar kind of bill has been introduced to the
rajya sabha in the year 1958 and 1962 respectively, but got the same
result of rejection after under going a debate. The law commission
submitted its report in the year 1967 and in the Lok Sabha in the year
1971, stating that the capital punishment should be retained, the
executive (President) should continue to possess powers of mercy.
    Speaking of the history of execution in India, we must focus the
statistical information of various sources which has  difference in
its nature. According to the official government’s report, only 52
executions have been imposed, execution of dhananjoi chatterjee on
August 14 2004 was the Fifty Second and first execution since 1995.
Were as the other report published by the people’s union for civil
liberties, cited information from appendix 34 of the 1967 Law
commission’s report, which states that from 1953 to 1963, there were
1422 executions have been imposed in 16 different states of the
nation. Due to this differentiation, the number of executions made
after independence is a matter of dispute. Among those 52 executions
according to the government’s official report, 40 executions were made
with in a span of 15 years, from 1975 to 1991.
    In the year 1983, the Indian top court ruled that death sentenced
should only be imposed on “rarest of rare cases.” reiterating the term
“rarest of rare cases,” the supreme court said that the death sentence
should only be imposed on a criminal who is not eligible to be
considered under reformative conditions. In the same year, the apex
court ruled that, death by hanging should not be barbaric, brutal, or
not be in any form of torture.
    Doctrine of rarest of rare cases: in the words of Supreme Court,
the death penalty can be imposed if the criminal satisfies the
doctrine called “rarest of rare cases.” Elaborating the term rarest of
rare cases, the top court suggests that the crime must be in a
posission where there is no space for reformation or the quantitative
as well as qualitative aspects of the crime renders inadequacy for
rehabilitation, therefore, if any reformation act takes place, there
are numerous chances of making the society indignation. For instance,
look in to the death penalty paid to Afzal Guru, who was one of the
planned worker for 2001 parliament attack. During the judgment, the
Supreme Court pointed that, the actions of Afzal Guru has shocked the
mental, social and political environment of the country, therefore
death sentence should be imposed. If we look in to the execution of
Dhananjoi chatterjee, the rape and murder of a minor girl has come
under the category called rarest of rare.
    After the ruling of Supreme Court in 1983, legislation framed
some principles where the doctrine “rarest of rare cases” can be
understood. One of its majour principles is analyzing the aggravating
and mitigating circumstances of the case. The aggravating and
mitigating circumstances should not only consider the qualitative
aspects of the case, but also focus on the quantitative aspects too.
During the judgment of bhachan singh and machchi sing cases, the
judiciary has clearly pointed out the aggravating and mitigating
circumstances which helps in finding whether the case can be
categorized as a rarest of rare case or not. Due to this
justification, it is obvious that drafting a balance sheet of
aggravating and mitigating circumstances of a particular case has to
be drawn, by focusing on the following
    Aggravating circumstances: in this kind of circumstances, the
quantitative aspect of the case place a pivotal role. In this, Dowry
killing, killing of scheduled caste and schedule tribes which arousing
a social rath among the community (not for personal reasons,) murder
committed in an extremely brutal, grotesque, diabolical, revolting or
dastardly manner so as to arouse the indignation of the community,
murder of an innocent child, helpless woman, old-infirm person and
public figure who got loved and respected by the community, if the
murder of victims are enormous in proportion. Are the key areas in
which the state of aggravating circumstances of a particular case can
be obtained.
    Mitigating circumstances, on the other hand, provided a path to
consider the natural and the qualitative aspects of the particular
case, Where importants are tent to be given on the criminal and the
state of mind in which the crime has been committed, and so on.
Specifically speaking, mental and emotional disturbances of the
criminal during commitment of the offense, age of the convict, where
young and old people cannot be imposed to death penalty, the accused
acted under the duress of domination of other person, where there is a
probability which shows that the accused can be taken in to
rehabilitation facility for reformative actions, and so on.
    looking in to the important principle of rarest of rare cases, we
are able to conclude that there is no specification or notice with
regard to delay in response from the president’s office. Due to the
lack of specification about the period of response by the president,
has earned the indignation of the community, which led to protests,
strikes, human chaine to show solidarity, ETC.
    the present response to the mercy plea of 3 assassins, which has
been filed in the year 2000, and not responded by 2 consecutive
presidents, finally got the rejection after a period of 11 years and 4
months, has made the government to sit on a hot seet. Making the
convicts to wait for a single nod (acceptance or rejection) from the
president for more than a decade, is a real issue which is of more
importants with out an absence of doubt. Social activists, and various
human rights organizations condemn that, the convicts have already
been tortured mentally by the delay. Therefore imposing death sentence
after 11 years is absolutely inhuman. The 3 have already spend their
20 years behind bars, and out of which 11 years on a death row. This
rejection should be recalled and 3 of their capital punishment should
be commuted to life imprisonment.
    According to the Indian constitution, the imposed death penalty
must take place with 2 years after the conformation of the Apex Court,
if any delay occurs due to any circumstances, then imposing death
sentence is unconstitutional, immoral and it will become an act of
inhuman. Several political leaders, law makers and community members
have the feeling that, the rejection of the mercy plea of those 3
convicts is for a retribution. There is no doubt that our constitution
possess both reformative and retributive characteristics, it also
possess special human rights and the consequence of violation of those
rights too.
    Numerous steps are taking place in order to curve the death
penalty of those 3, but on the other hand, some people strongly
believe that, death sentence should be imposed. They are the one who
come under the category of indignation people. Viewing all these
issues, necessary steps are required to be taken to avoid
inflammatory, brutal, diabolic, premeditated and cold blooded killings
like Rajiv Gandhi’s assassination, on the other hand imposing of death
sentence for the rarest of rare case should be of definite
differentiation.
    To conclude: being a member of a society, every one should know
the choices we make, the consequences and repercussions for that
choices are inevitable under any circumstances. Turning in to another
corner, we must know that every human being is known for his or her
mischiffs, ups and downs and they also have the same consequences.
Therefore killing the killer will not create a better society or a
better nation. unless there is no space for reformation, we can have
an eye on imposing capital sentences. Truly speaking, as the world’s
largest democracy, which known for its unity and integrity, right to
speak and live as its fundamental rights, protection of life and
liberty is its hallmark, are to be considered beforetaking a decision
on such irrecoverable actions. Drafting of clear doctrine of rarest of
rare cases is of higher importants, special eye should be kept on
human life because that is the one which cannot be recovered once it
is gone. Therefore, clear executive, legislative and judiciary
function can only be able to answer to a million dollar question,
which prevails and separates the people into 2
sides of a coin, that is,
“Is Capital Punishment In India For Reformation Or Retribution?”

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How can any organisation detect the onset of an attack on its computer network, giving it time to respond quickly and block any intrusion or compromise of its data? The answer could lie in game theory.
Modern firewalls and other technology are already in place, but these have not prevented major attacks on prominent networks in recent months. Now, information technologist Heechang Shin of Iona College in New Rochelle, New York, has used game theory to develop a defence mechanism for networks that is more effective than previous approaches.
Shin explains that each incident might not only severely disrupt services affecting thousands of people, but for a commercial operation it can take as much as one percent of annual sales, per incident, amounting to tens of millions of dollars, according to an Iona statement.

Solar System Research Saturn’s water mystery finally solved

Planetary scientists claim they have finally solved a 14—year mystery by discovering the source of the water in Saturn’s upper atmosphere.
A team, led by Paul Hartogh of Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research in Germany, says that the Herschel space observatory has found that giant jets of vapour from the planet’s moon Enceladus are responsible for Saturn’s water.
The latest discovery around Saturn has revealed that the planet’s sixth—largest moon Enceladus is covered with ice and is providing water to Saturn, creating a rain—showering halo.